Cardiovascular Manifestations of Erdheim-Chester's Disease: A Case Series / Manifestações Cardiovasculares da Doença de Erdheim-Chester: Uma série de Casos

Abstract Erdheim-Chester Disease is a rare entity, classified as an inflammatory myeloid neoplasm, with an unknown incidence, occurring preferentially in men after 50 years of age. Classically, it has a multisystemic presentation, with the skeletal system being the most frequently affected (90% of the patients), followed by genitourinary involvement in 60% of cases and central nervous system in the pituitary and diabetes insipidus in 25% of the cases. Cardiovascular manifestations are present in more than half of the patients, with aortic infiltration and atrial pseudotumor being the most common forms.

Resumo A doença de Erdheim-Chester é uma entidade rara classificada como neoplasia mielóide inflamatória, com incidência desconhecida que ocorre preferencialmente em homens após os 50 anos de idade. Classicamente apresenta-se de forma multissistêmica, sendo sistema esquelético o mais frequentemente comprometido (90% dos pacientes), seguido do sistema geniturinário em 60% dos casos e sistema nervoso central em hipófise e diabetes insipidus em 25% dos casos. As manifestações cardiovasculares estão presentes em mais da metade dos pacientes, sendo a infiltração da aorta e o pseudotumor atrial as formas mais encontradas.

Right Atrial Deformation Analysis in Cardiac Amyloidosis - Results from the Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiographic MAGYAR-Path Study / Análise da Deformação Atrial Direita na Amiloidose Cardíaca - Resultados de Ecocardiografia Tridimensional de Speckle-Tracking do Estudo MAGYAR-Path

Abstract Background: Light-chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is characterized by fibril deposits, which are composed of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains. The right ventricle is mostly involved in AL-CA and impairment of its function is a predictor of worse prognosis. Objectives: To characterize the volumetric and functional properties of the right atrium (RA) in AL-CA by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3DSTE). Methods: A total of 16 patients (mean age: 64.5 ± 10.1 years, 11 males) with AL-CA were examined. Their results were compared to that of 15 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (mean age: 58.9 ± 6.9 years, 8 males). All cases have undergone complete two-dimensional Doppler and 3DSTE. A two-tailed p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Significant differences could be demonstrated in RA volumes respecting cardiac cycle. Total (19.2 ± 9.3% vs. 27.9 ± 10.7%, p = 0.02) and active atrial emptying fractions (12.1 ± 8.1 vs. 18.6 ± 9.8%, p = 0.05) were significantly decreased in AL-CA patients. Peak global (16.7 ± 10.3% vs. 31.2 ± 19.4%, p = 0.01) and mean segmental (24.3 ± 11.1% vs. 38.6 ± 17.6%, p =0.01) RA area strains, together with some circumferential, longitudinal and segmental area strain parameters, proved to be reduced in patients with AL-CA. Global longitudinal (4.0 ± 5.2% vs. 8.2 ± 5.5%, p = 0.02) and area (7.8 ± 8.1% vs. 15.9 ± 10.3%, p = 0.03) strains at atrial contraction and some circumferential and area strain parameters at atrial contraction were reduced in AL-CA patients. Conclusion: Significantly increased RA volumes and deteriorated RA functions could be demonstrated in AL-CA.

Resumo Fundamento: A amiloidose cardíaca (AC) de cadeias leves (AL) é caracterizada por depósitos fibrilares, que são compostos por cadeias leves de imunoglobulina monoclonal. O ventrículo direito é mais afetado pela AC-AL, e o comprometimento da sua função é preditor de um prognóstico pior. Objetivos: Caracterizar as propriedades volumétricas e funcionais do átrio direito (AD) na AC-AL por ecocardiografia tridimensional de speckle-tracking (3DSTE). Métodos: Um total de 16 pacientes (idade média: 64,5 ± 10,1 anos, 11 homens) com AC-AL foram examinados. Seus resultados foram comparados aos de 15 controles saudáveis pareados por idade e gênero (média de idade: 58,9 ± 6,9 anos, 8 homens). Todos os casos foram submetidos a Doppler bidimensional completo e 3DSTE. Um valor p bicaudal inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Diferenças significativas foram demonstradas em volumes do AD com respeito ao ciclo cardíaco. O total (19,2 ± 9,3% vs. 27,9 ± 10,7%, p = 0,02) e as frações ativas de esvaziamento atrial (12,1 ± 8,1 vs. 18,6 ± 9,8%, p = 0,05) foram significativamente menores nos pacientes com AC-AL. Picos de strain no AD em áreas globais (16,7 ± 10,3% vs. 31,2 ± 19,4%, p = 0,01) e segmentares médias (24,3 ± 11,1% vs. 38,6 ± 17,6%, p = 0,01), juntamente com alguns parâmetros de strain por áreas circunferenciais, longitudinais e segmentares, mostraram-se menores em pacientes com AC-AL. Strains globais longitudinais (4,0 ± 5,2% vs. 8,2 ± 5,5%, p = 0,02) e por área (7,8 ± 8,1 vs. 15,9 ± 10,3%, p = 0,03) na contração atrial e alguns parâmetros de circunferência e de strain por área na contração atrial foram menores em pacientes com AC-AL. Conclusão: Foi possível demonstrar o aumento significativo dos volumes do AD e a deterioração de suas funções na AC-AL.

Patología del trasplante cardiaco en el Perú: Experiencia con 61 casos en un centro de referencia nacional / Pathology of heart transplantation in peru: experience with 61 cases in a national reference center

RESUMEN. Objetivos Describir las características histopatológicas de los explantes cardiacos y las biopsias endomiocárdicas postrasplante realizadas en un centro de referencia nacional del Perú. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de una serie de casos de pacientes sometidos a trasplante cardiaco entre marzo de 2010 y febrero de 2018. Resultados. Los 61 pacientes trasplantados, tuvieron un promedio de edad de 40,1 (rango: 9-66 años). Cinco casos (8,2%) diagnosticados inicialmente como miocardiopatía dilatada fueron reclasificados después del estudio histopatológico. Las tres primeras causas de enfermedad primaria previa al trasplante fueron: miocardiopatía dilatada idiopática (50,8%), cardiopatía isquémica (16,4%), y cardiopatía valvular (6,6%). El seguimiento promedio fue de 2,8 años. La tasa de supervivencia después del trasplante fue del 85,1% al año y del 82,8% a los cinco años. El rechazo celular agudo moderado/severo ocurrió en 12 pacientes (21,1%) y el rechazo mediado por anticuerpos ocurrió en tres pacientes (5,3%). Conclusiones. La evaluación histopatológica rutinaria del explante cardiaco es esencial para confirmar la etiología de la insuficiencia cardíaca, especialmente en los casos diagnosticados clínicamente como miocardiopatía dilatada. Asimismo, el seguimiento rutinario mediante biopsias endomiocárdicas muestra que el rechazo celular agudo continúa siendo una complicación frecuente durante el primer año de trasplante, y que el rechazo mediado por anticuerpos tiene una baja frecuencia en nuestra población.

ABSTRACT Objetive. To describe the histopathological characteristics of explanted hearts and post-transplant biopsy specimens at a national reference center in Peru. Materials and Methods. A case series study of patients who underwent heart transplantation between March 2010 and February 2018. Results. Sixty-one (61) transplanted patients with a mean age of 40.1 years (range: 9-66 years). Five cases (8.2%) initially diagnosed as dilated cardiomyopathy were reclassified after the histopathological study. The three leading causes of primary disease after transplantation were: idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (50.8%), ischemic cardiomyopathy (16.4%), and valvular cardiomyopathy (6.6%). The mean follow-up was 2.8 years. The post-transplant survival rate was 85.1% at 1 year and 82.8% at 5 years. Moderate/severe acute cellular rejection occurred in 12 patients (21.1%) and antibody-mediated rejection occurred in 3 patients (5.3%). Conclusions. Routine histopathological evaluation of the explanted heart is essential to confirm the etiology of heart failure, especially in cases clinically diagnosed as dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition, routine follow-up through endomyocardial biopsies shows that acute cellular rejection is still a frequent complication after a heart transplant, especially within the first year, and that antibody-mediated rejection has a low incidence in our population.

Occurrence of mesothelial/monocytic incidental cardiac excrescences in material from open-heart procedures: case reports and literature review

Mesothelial/monocytic incidental cardiac excrescences (MICE) are unusual findings during the histological analysis of material from the pericardium, mediastinum, or other tissues collected in open-heart surgery. Despite their somewhat worrisome histological appearance, they show a benign clinical course, and further treatment is virtually never necessary. Hence, the importance of recognizing the entity relays in its differential diagnosis, as an unaware medical pathologist may misinterpret it for a malignant neoplasm. Other mesothelial and histiocytic proliferative lesions, sharing very close histological morphology and immunohistochemistry features with MICE, have been described in sites other than the heart or the mediastinum. This similarity has led to the proposal of the common denomination "histiocytosis with raisinoid nuclei." We report three cases from the pathology archives of the Heart Institute of São Paulo University (Incor/HC-FMUSP), diagnosed as "mesothelial/monocytic incidental cardiac excrescence," with immunohistochemical documentation, and provide a literature review of this entity.

Sensibilidade e especificidade do exame eletrocardiográfico na detecção de sobrecargas atriais e/ou ventriculares em gatos da raça Persa com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica / Sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic examination in detecting ventricular or atrial overloads in Persian cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é a principal cardiopatia dos felinos e é caracterizada por hipertrofia miocárdica concêntrica, sem dilatação ventricular. O ecocardiograma é o melhor meio diagnóstico não invasivo para a diferenciação das cardiomiopatias e é considerado padrão ouro para a detecção de hipertrofia ventricular presente na CMH. Alterações eletrocardiográficas também são comuns em animais com CMH e o eletrocardiograma (ECG) é um teste de triagem para detecção de hipertrofia ventricular em humanos, sendo um exame rápido e facilmente disponível. Em gatos, poucos estudos foram realizados quanto à sensibilidade e especificidade do ECG na detecção de hipertrofia ventricular. Com a intenção de avaliar o uso do ECG como ferramenta de triagem para diagnóstico de CMH em felinos, gatos da raça Persa (n=82) foram avaliados por meio de exames ecocardiográfico e eletrocardiográfico. Animais com bloqueios e/ou distúrbios de condução foram excluídos da análise estatística (n=22). Posteriormente, os animais incluídos foram classificados em: normais (n=38), suspeitos (n=6) e acometidos pela CMH (n=16)...

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common feline heart disease and is characterized by increased cardiac mass with a hypertrophied and not dilated left ventricle. The echocardiography is the best noninvasive diagnostic tool for the differentiation of cardiomyopathies and is considered the gold standard for detection of ventricular hypertrophy present in HCM. Electrocardiographic changes are also common in animals with HCM and the electrocardiogram (ECG) is quick, easy and highly available screening test for the detection of ventricular hypertrophy in humans. In cats, few studies have been conducted regarding the sensitivity and specificity of ECG in detecting ventricular hypertrophy. With the intention of evaluating the use of ECG as a screening tool for diagnosis of HCM in cats, Persian cats (n=82) were evaluated by echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examinations. Animals with blocks and/or conduction disturbances were excluded from statistical analysis (n=22). Subsequently the animals included were classified as normal (n=38), suspicious (n=6) and affected by HCM (n=16)...

Técnicas de procesamiento de la señal ECGAR aplicadas en el prototipo DIGICARDIAC / Techniques HRECG signal processing applied at DIGICARDIAC prototype

Este artículo reporta el desarrollo de la etapa de procesamiento de la señal electrocardiográfica implementada en el prototipo DIGICARDIAC. El prototipo DIGICARDIAC es un instrumento de uso médico que permite la adquisición simultánea de las doce derivaciones del electrocardiograma (ECG) estándar, con características de alta resolución (ECGAR). El software desarrollado, pretende agrupar algunos de los criterios expuestos por los investigadores e implementar algunas técnicas novedosas, en la detección del latido cardiaco y la medición de los intervalos QT y ST en la señal ECGAR adquirida con el sistema. En las pruebas de funcionamiento se comprobó la eficiencia del algoritmo. Los errores obtenidos en la detección del complejo QRS son inferiores al 0,1 % y en la medición del intervalo QT se obtuvo un error promedio del 1,89 % en las señales ECG de los pacientes control.

This paper reports the development stage of the electrocardiographic signal processing implemented at the prototype DIGICARDIAC. The DIGICARDIAC prototype is a medical instrument that allows the simultaneous acquisition of the twelve-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) standard, which features high resolution (HRECG). The software developed, aims to bring together some of the criteria set up by the researchers and implement some new techniques, in heartbeat detection and measurement of QT and ST intervals in the HRECG signal acquired with the system. The algorithm efficient was proved through tests of perfomance. The errors obtained in QRS complex detection are lower than 0,1% and measuring QT interval averaging 1.89% error in the ECG signals of the control patients was obtained.

Evaluation of facial morphology and sagittal relationship between dental arches in primary and mixed dentition

OBJECTIVE: To assess facial morphology (Pattern) and sagittal relationship between dental arches (Class), and establish a potential association between them and the variables sex, age and ethnicity, among schoolchildren aged between 4 and 9 years old (mean age of 6.7 years) in primary and mixed dentitions.METHODS: The sample comprised 875 children (457 males and 418 females) attending schools in Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil. An attempt was made with a view to establish a potential association between children's morphological features with sex, age and ethnicity.RESULTS: Descriptive analysis revealed a predominance of facial Pattern I (69.9 %) and Class I (67.4 %). Statistical tests (p < 0.001) showed that Class I was more frequent among Pattern I children, whereas Class II prevailed among Pattern II, and Class III was frequent among Pattern I and III children. Ethnicity was the only variable associated with facial pattern.CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that facial pattern and sagittal relationship between dental arches tend to be correlated. Ethnicity was associated with facial pattern, with Pattern I being the most recurrent among Caucasians and facial Pattern II being recurrent among Afro-descendant subjects.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a morfologia facial (Padrão) e a relação sagital entre as arcadas dentárias (Classe) e determinar a associação entre sexo, idade e etnia, em escolares com 4 a 9 anos de idade (média de 6,7 anos), nas fases de dentadura decídua e mista.MÉTODOS: a amostra constou de 875 crianças (457 do sexo masculino e 418 do sexo feminino) de escolas do município de Descalvado/SP, que tiveram suas características morfológicas relacionadas ao sexo, idade e etnia.RESULTADOS: com base na análise descritiva dos dados, constatou-se que há predominância do Padrão I (69,9%) e da Classe I (67,4%). Nos testes estatísticos (p < 0,001), ficou evidente que a Classe I foi mais frequente no Padrão I; a Classe II, no Padrão II; e a Classe III, igualmente frequente nos Padrões I e III; apenas a raça teve associação com o padrão facial.CONCLUSÃO: o padrão facial e a relação sagital entre as arcadas dentárias tendem a estar relacionados, e a etnia tem associação com o padrão facial, sendo mais recorrente o Padrão I nos leucodermas e o Padrão II nos melanodermas.

Activador del plasminógeno tisular recombinante en el manejo de trombos cardiacos en recién nacidos / Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for the management of intracardiac thrombi in newborns

Introducción: La incidencia de trombos cardíacos en recién nacidos (RN) ha aumentado con el uso de catéteres venosos centrales. La trombólisis con activador del plasminógeno tisular recombinante (rTPA) se ha utilizado como alternativa a la heparina en trombos gigantes con riesgo vital y de embolización. Nuestro objetivo fue describir la respuesta y las complicaciones relacionadas con el uso del rTPA en el manejo de trombos cardíacos con riesgo vital en RN. Pacientes y método: Estudio retrospectivo de 8 RN, 7 prematuros, con trombos cardíacos en los cuales se utilizó rTPA. Se analizó la edad gestacional y al diagnóstico, peso, sexo, enfermedades asociadas, hemograma, niveles de fibrinógeno, dímero D, tiempo parcial de tromboplastina activada y de protrombina, antes y al término de la infusión de rTPA. El diagnóstico del trombo se realizó por ecocardiografía doppler. La indicación de rTPA fue trombo mayor de 10 mm o que ocupara más del 50% de la cavidad donde se localizaba; aumento del tamaño a pesar del tratamiento con heparina, aspecto fragmentado y lobulado con riesgo embólico pulmonar o sistémico o que comprometiera la función valvular o cardíaca. Resultados: Cuatro hombres; peso promedio de 1.580 g. La principal enfermedad fue la sepsis (7/8), se usó catéter venoso central en todos, la vena cava superior fue la localización más frecuente, con tiempo promedio de instalación previo al diagnóstico de 12 días. En 7/8 RN los trombos se ubicaron en la aurícula derecha, con un tamaño entre 7 a 20 mm. Tres pacientes recibieron heparina de bajo peso molecular previo al uso de rTPA, se realizaron entre uno a 5 ciclos con rTPA. En 4 pacientes se logró resolución completa del trombo a los 3,5 días en promedio. No hubo embolia ni fallecidos. Cuatro pacientes presentaron hemorragia intracraneana grado I, sin secuelas en el seguimiento. Conclusión: Este estudio constituye la primera serie de neonatos tratados con rTPA en Chile, lográndose la resolución completa del trombo en un 50% de los RN y parcial en el resto, permitiendo con ello disminuir el riesgo vital secundario a este proceso patológico.

Introduction: The incidence of cardiac thrombi in newborns has increased with the use of central venous catheters. Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) has been used as an alternative to heparin in life threatening giant thrombus and embolization. The aim of this study is to describe the response and complications related to the use of rTPA in the management of life- threatening cardiac thrombi in newborns. Patients and method: The medical records of 8 newborn were reviewed in a retrospective study, of whom 7 were preterm with cardiac thrombi, and rTPA was used in all of them. Results: The patients included 4 males with a mean weight of 1580 gr. The principal pathology was sepsis (7/8), all of them used venous central catheter. The superior vena cava was the most frequent location, with a mean time of installation before the diagnosis of 12 days. RN 7/8 thrombi were located in the right atrium with a size between 7 to 20 mm. Three patients received low molecular weight heparin prior to using rTPA. They received between 1 to 5 cycles with rTPA. In 4 patients complete resolution of the thrombus was achieved in a mean of 3.5 days. Four patients had intracranial haemorrhage grade I, without sequelae at follow-up. There were no deaths or embolism. Conclusion: This study is the first series of infants treated with rTPA in Chile, and where its use has quickly achieved complete resolution of the thrombus in 50% of cases, and partially in the others, thus reducing the secondary life-threatening risk of this disease.

Pathological Features of Myocardial Contraction Band Necrosis in Sudden Cardiac Death / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the pathological features and significance of myocardial contraction band necrosis in sudden cardiac death.@*METHODS@#Using HE and PTAH staining, the distribution sites and pathological features of myocardial contraction band necrosis were observed. The data were analyzed according to the extent of necrosis.@*RESULTS@#The locations, pathological features and the extent of necrosis were similar in different sudden death cases. The locations were related with sites of myocardial damage. The papillary muscles of left ventricular were most occurred, followed by the anterior wall of left ventricular. In the sudden death cases caused by stress cardiomyopathy, the extent of myocardial contraction band necrosis was lighter than the others. Most cases were predominantly level 1, the others were level 2.@*CONCLUSION@#Used as the diagnosis basis of acute myocardial ischemia, the myocardial contraction band necrosis has important significance to determination of death.

Mitral flow propagation velocity in non-sedated healthy cats / Velocidade de propagação do fluxo mitral em gatos saudáveis e não sedados

Mitral flow propagation velocity (Vp) is an index used to evaluate the left ventricular diastolic function. Its influence on human and small animal cardiopathies has been studied; however there are few reports evaluating this variable in domestic felines. In addition, there is a lack of studies in non-sedated healthy cats. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish values for Vp and its correlation with other echocardiographic indexes in non-sedated healthy cats in order to provide new perspectives related to diastolic function in this species. Twenty-six clinically healthy cats were submitted to echocardiography to assess the animals' cardiac conditions. Variables such as age, heart rate (HR), body surface area (BSA), initial (E mitral) and late (A mitral) ventricular filling waves, isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and E/IVRT relation were correlated to Vp. No proven relation between any of these variables and Vp was observed in this present study, except for HR and BSA. In the variability analysis, higher values were verified for inter-observer analysis. This study concludes that Vp proved to be an useful index for estimating left ventricular relaxation in non-sedated healthy domestic cats and provides reference ranges for this variable.

A velocidade de propagação do fluxo mitral (Vp) é um índice utilizado para avaliação da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Sua importância nas cardiopatias em humanos e pequenos animais vem sendo estudada; porém, há poucos trabalhos avaliando essa variável em gatos domésticos. Nessa espécie, estudos utilizando animais saudáveis e não sedados não foram encontrados na literatura. Dessa forma, objetivou-se estabelecer os valores da Vp e sua correlação com outros índices ecocardiográficos em gatos domésticos saudáveis e não sedados, de forma a fornecer novas perspectivas relacionadas à função diastólica nessa espécie. Foram utilizados 26 gatos domésticos clinicamente saudáveis, submetidos à ecocardiografia para se avaliar a condição cardíaca dos animais. As variáveis idade, frequência cardíaca (FC), área de superfície corporal (SAC), idade, onda de enchimento ventricular inicial (E mitral) e tardio (A mitral), tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV) e a relação E/TRIV foram correlacionadas com a Vp. No presente estudo não foi observada correlação da Vp com nenhuma das variáveis estudas, exceto com a FC e o SAC. Quanto à análise de variabilidade, foi observado um maior valor para a análise inter-observador. O estudo permite concluir que a Vp demonstrou ser um índice útil para se estimar o relaxamento ventricular esquerdo em gatos domésticos saudáveis e não sedados, além de fornecer valores de referência para essa variável.

Características cardiovasculares y perinatales de la mujer embarazada con cardiopatía congénita o adquirida y del recién nacido / Cardiovascular and perinatal characteristics of pregnant women with congenital or acquired heart disease and characteristics of the newborn", "_i": "

Introducción: El embarazo y el parto por sí mismos exponen riesgos importantes a la mujer con cardiopatía, más aún cuando ésta es de origen congénito. En instituciones especializadas en cardiología donde se otorga atención durante el parto y puerperio inmediato, el conocimiento de sus características permite enfocar la atención de enfermería cardiovascular a la prevención secundaria de la mujer y al producto de alto riesgo. Objetivo: Comparar las características cardiovasculares y perinatales de la mujer embarazada con cardiopatía congénita o adquirida y del recién nacido. Material y métodos: Es un estudio comparativo, retrospectivo y transversal (2006-2011). Muestra por conveniencia (n = 76), se incluyeron expedientes clínicos de mujeres con cardiopatía, hospitalizadas en una institución de tercer nivel, que cursaron con embarazo. Datos recolectados con instrumento ex professo, analizados con frecuencias, porcentajes, medias, prueba de Pearson, Spearman, χ2 y t Student; p ‹ 0.05 como significativo. Resultados: 53.3% mujeres con cardiopatía adquirida; edad promedio 26.6 ± 6.2 años; semanas de gestación 36.1 ± 2.2; 90.8% tuvo control prenatal, siendo semejante en ambos grupos (χ2 = 0.948, gl = 1, p = 0.442). El 34.7% interrumpió su embarazo por agravamiento cardiovascular; 76.3% tuvo una clase funcional I; 63.3% de recién nacidos fueron niñas; 5.3% con defecto al nacimiento. A menor edad de la primera relación sexual se observa un embarazo más temprano (r = 0.833, p = 0.000); sin embargo, el grado académico no se relaciona en este aspecto (rs = 0.052, p = 0.658). Conclusiones: Las características de la mujer con cardiopatía congénita y cardiopatía adquirida que se embarazan son semejantes; sin embargo, precisan del consejo pre-concepcional para su planificación, así como un control prenatal realizado por las enfermeras especializadas y el equipo multidisciplinario, para su éxito.

Introduction: Pregnancy and childbirth are themselves significant risks for women with heart disease, even more if it is of congenital origin. In cardiology specialist institutions, where care is given during labor and immediate postpartum, knowledge of its features allows to focus the attention of nursing to cardiovascular secondary prevention of women and to the high-risk product. Objective: To compare the cardiovascular and perinatal characteristics of pregnant women with congenital or acquired heart disease and those of the newborn. Material and methods: Comparative, retrospective, cross-sectional study (2006-2011). This convenience sample (n = 76) included medical records of women hospitalized in a tertiary institution, who had gone through pregnancy disease. Data collected with an ex profeso instrument, analyzed with frequencies, percentages, averages, Pearson test, Spearman, χ2, Student´s t, p ‹ 0.05 as significant. Results: 53.3% women with acquired heart disease, mean age 26.6 ± 6.2 years; weeks of gestation 36.1 ± 2.2, 90.8% had prenatal care, being similar in both groups (χ2 = 0.948, df = 1, p = 0.442). 34.7% discontinued their pregnancy because of worsening cardiovascular, 76.3% had a functional class I, 63.3% of infants were girls; 5.3% with birth defect. At a younger age of first sexual intercourse, earlier pregnancy (r = 0.833, p = 0.000) was observed, but the academic degree is not related in this regard (rs = 0.052, p = 0.658). Conclusions: The characteristics of women with congenital heart disease and acquired heart disease who become pregnant are similar, however, they require the pre-conception advice for planning and prenatal monitoring by specialist nurses and the multidisciplinary team for its success.

Riesgo de no adherirse al tratamiento en pacientes cardiópatas con anticoagulación oral y análisis de los factores influyentes / Risk of not adhering to treatment in cardiac patients with oral anticoagulation and analysis of the influential factors", "_i": "

Introducción: La falta de adherencia al tratamiento del paciente con anticoagulación oral es causa de complicaciones tromboembólicas o hemorrágicas, relacionada con múltiples factores. Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo que existe en los pacientes cardiópatas para no adherirse al tratamiento de anticoagulación oral y analizar los factores que influyen. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico, prospectivo y transversal de agosto a noviembre de 2012. Muestra no aleatorizada n = 297; incluyó pacientes adultos bajo tratamiento de anticoagulación oral que asisten a la Clínica de Anticoagulantes. Datos recolectados con instrumento validado con cuatro dimensiones: factor socioeconómico, terapia, proveedor y sistema de salud y paciente; 42 ítems con respuesta tipo Likert con valor de 0 a 2; de 0-60% = riesgo alto de no adherencia, 61-80% = riesgo moderado y ≥ 81% = sin riesgo. Análisis estadístico con frecuencias, porcentajes, medias y desviación estándar; pruebas de Pearson (adherencia y factores), t de Student (adherencia, sexo y procedencia), ANOVA (adherencia y tiempo con el tratamiento) y Kruskall Wallis (nivel académico y adherencia); significancia p ‹ 0.05. Resultados: 60% de nivel de factor socioeconómico bajo; 76% se encuentran sin riesgo de no adherirse y 23% con riesgo moderado; sólo el factor socioeconómico tiene riesgo moderado (88.41 ± 13.9). La adherencia se asocia más con los factores de proveedor y sistema de salud de proveedor y sistema de salud y paciente (r = 0.774, p = 0.000) y factor socioeconómico (r = 0.771, p = 0.000). Los pacientes de provincia se adhieren menos que los del D.F. (t = 2.61, gl = 295, p = 0.009); aquéllos con educación superior se adhieren más que quienes tienen educación básica (x2 = 10.34, gl = 2, p = 0.016). Conclusión: La mayoría de pacientes anticoagulados no tienen riesgo de dejar su tratamiento; sin embargo, el factor que dificulta la adherencia es el socioeconómico.)

Introduction: Lack of adherence to treatment of patients with oral anticoagulation is a cause of thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications related to multiple factors. Objective: To determine the risk involved in cardiac patients for not adhering to the treatment of oral anticoagulation and analyze influencing factors. Material and methods: Analytical, prospective transversal study from August to November 2012. Nonrandomized sample n = 297; included adult patients under oral anticoagulation treatment attending the Anticoagulant Clinic. Data collected with a validated instrument with four dimensions: socioeconomic factor; therapy; provider and health system; and patient; 42 items with Likert value of 0-2; 0-60% = high risk of non-adherence, 61-80% = moderate risk, and ≥ 81% = no risk. Statistical analysis with frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation; Pearson tests (adhesion and factors), Student’s t (adherence, sex and origin), ANOVA (adherence, and treatment time) and Kruskal Wallis (academic and adherence); significance p ‹ 0.05. Results: 60% of low socioeconomic level, 76% are without risk of not adhering and 23% moderate risk; only SE has moderate risk factor (88.41 ± 13.9). Adherence factors associated more with PSS (r = 0.774, p = 0.000) and SE (r = 0.771, p = 0.000). Patients in province adhere less than patients in Mexico City (t = 2.61, gl = 295, p = 0.009), those with higher education adhere more than those with only basic education (x2 = 10.34, gl = 2, p = 0.016). Conclusion: The majority of anticoagulated patients are not at risk of leaving treatment, however, the complicating factor for adherence is SE.

Fluxo e capacidade de tamponamento salivar em pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares / Salivary flow and buffering capacity in patients with cardiovascular disease

Introdução: as doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morte em muitos países. A influência dos medicamentos utilizados pelos cardiopatas poderem alterar o fluxo salivar tem sido foco de amplas discussões no meio científico. Objetivo: identificar a influência dos medicamentos usados por cardiopatas antes da cirurgia cardíaca, sobre o fluxo e o pH da saliva. Metodologia: o estudo incluiu 70 pacientes adultos com doença cardíaca, no tocante à investigação do perfil socioeconômico, as doenças cardíacas de base, os medicamentos utilizados e a avaliação do pH e do fluxo salivar dos mesmos. Resultados: a média de idade da amostra foi de 50 anos, sendo que 52,9% dos pacientes avaliados foram do sexo masculino. Entre as doenças cardíacas, 52,9% foram doenças valvulares. O fluxo salivar muito reduzido foi encontrado em 14,3% dos pacientes, sendo que os beta-bloqueadores eram utilizados por 32,5% da amostra, enquanto que a capacidade de tamponamento salivar foi considerada normal. Conclusão: houve uma relação positiva entre a diminuição do fluxo salivar e uso de medicamentos, especialmente os beta-bloqueadores, ao tempo em que a capacidade de tamponamento da saliva foi normal...

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in many countries. The capacity of heart disease medications to alter the salivary flow of the patients has been extensively discussed in the scientific community.Objective: To identify the influence of medications used by patients with cardiovascular diseases before heart surgery on the salivary flow and pH.Method: The study included 70 adult patients with cardiovascular diseases, assessing their socioeconomic profile, base cardiovascular diseases and medications under use, and evaluating their salivary flow and pH.Results: The mean age in the group was 50 years and 52.9% of the evaluated patients were male. Among the cardiovascular diseases, 52.9% were valve diseases. A strongly reduced salivary flow was found in 14.3% of the patients and 32.5% used betablocker drugs. The salivary buffering capacity was considered normal.Conclusion: There was a positive association between reduced salivary flow and use of medications, especially the beta blocker drugs, while the salivary buffering capacity was normal...

Complication Rate of Transfemoral Endomyocardial Biopsy with Fluoroscopic and Two-dimensional Echocardiographic Guidance: A 10-Year Experience of 228 Consecutive Procedures

Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is one of the reliable methods for the diagnosis of various cardiac diseases. However, EMB can cause various complications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the complication of transfemoral EMB with both fluoroscopic and two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic guidance. A total of 228 patients (148 men; 46.0+/-14.6 yr-old) who underwent EMB at Kyungpook National University Hospital from January 2002 to June 2012 were included. EMB was performed via the right femoral approach with the guidance of both echocardiography and fluoroscopy. Overall, EMB-related complications occurred in 21 patients (9.2%) including one case (0.4%) with cardiac tamponade requiring emergent pericardiocentesis, four cases (1.8%) with small pericardial effusion without pericardiocentesis, two cases (0.9%) with hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT), one case (0.4%) with nonsustained VT, one case (0.4%) with tricuspid regurgitation, twelve cases (5.3%) with right bundle branch block. There was no occurrence of either EMB-related death or cardiac surgery. Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower (32.0+/-18.7% vs 42.0+/-19.1%, P=0.023) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was larger (60.0+/-10.0 mm vs 54.2+/-10.2 mm, P=0.013) in patients with EMB related complications than in those without. It is concluded that transfemoral EMB with fluoroscopic and 2-D echocardiographic guidance is a safe procedure with low complication rate.

Efeito do transplante renal na morfologia e função cardíaca / Effect of kidney transplantation on cardiac morphology and function

O envolvimento cardíaco é muito frequente nos portadores de doença renal crônica em diálise. O transplante renal resulta em redução da morbidade e mortalidade em relação aos pacientes em diálise. O objetivo desta revisão foi abordar o efeito do transplante renal na estrutura e função cardíaca avaliada pela ecodopplercardiografia. Desde a década de 1980, os estudos já demonstravam tendência à melhora nos parâmetros cardíacos após o transplante renal. Com a melhora dos métodos de imagens ao ecodopplercardiograma, os estudos, apesar de alguns resultados conflitantes, demonstravam melhora na função sistólica e diastólica e redução da massa ventricular esquerda, principalmente nos primeiros dois anos após o transplante renal com estabilização dos parâmetros nos anos subsequentes. De forma geral, o corpo das evidências tem demonstrado impacto importante do transplante renal na hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, função sistólica e diastólica, porém os resultados não são uniformes.

Cardiac involvement is very frequent in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. Kidney transplantation results in reducing morbidity and mortality compared to patients on dialysis. The objective of this review was to address the effect of renal transplantation in cardiac structure and function assessed by echocardiography. Since the 1980s, studies have demonstrated a trend towards improvement in cardiac parameters after kidney transplantation. With the improvement of the Doppler imaging methods, the new studies, although with conflicting results, demonstrated improvement in systolic and diastolic function and reduction of left ventricular mass, especially in the first two years after renal transplantation with stabilization of the parameters in subsequent years. Overall, the body of evidence has demonstrated significant impact of renal transplantation on left ventricular hypertrophy, systolic and diastolic function, but the results are not uniform.

Avaliação do potencial terapêutico do transplante de células-trono mesenquimais na cardiopatia chagásica crônica experimental / Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of transplantation of mesenchymal cells throne in experimental chronic Chagas' disease

A doença de Chagas, causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, é uma das mais importantes causas de insuficiência cardíaca na América. A terapia celular vem sendo investigada como uma possível opção terapêutica para pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares. Neste estudo foram avaliados os efeitos da terapia com célulastronco mesenquimais em um modelo experimental de cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica. Camundongos C57BL/6 foram infectados com 1000 tripomastigotas da cepa Colombiana de T. cruzi e, após seis meses de infecção, foram tratados com célulastronco mesenquimais derivadas de tecido adiposo humano (CTTAs) ou com meio DMEM (controle). Antes e após 1 e 2 meses de tratamento, os animais chagásicos e controles normais foram submetidos à avaliação cardíaca, incluindo eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e teste ergoespirométrico. O grupo tratado recebeu duas injeções intraperitoneais de CTTAs (1x106 células / dose), com um mês de intervalo entre as duas doses. Todos os animais foram sacrificados sob anestesia após 2 meses de tratamento, para análise histopatológica do coração. Não foi observada melhora de arritmias e da função cardiovascular no grupo tratado com CTTAs, porém secções de corações de camundongos deste grupo apresentaram uma redução significativa do número de células inflamatórias (p< 0,0001 ) e da área de fibrose (p< 0,01) em comparação com animais chagásicos tratados com DMEM. A dosagem de 22 citocinas séricas dois meses após o tratamento mostrou um aumento da maioria destas citocinas em animais chagásicos crônicos quando comparados aos controles não-infectados, sendo algumas destas moduladas após a terapia celular. Deste modo, conclui-se que as CTTAs foram capazes de reduzir inflamação e fibrose no coração de camundongos cronicamente infectados por T. cruzi, porém não teve efeitos na função cardíaca dois meses após o transplante.

Experimental induction of steatosis in different tissues after the ingestion of a carbohydrate-rich diet: effect on the liver, on the heart and on indicators of oxidation / Esteatose experimental em diferentes tecidos induzida pela ingestão de dieta rica em carboidratos: efeito sobre o fígado, coração e indicadores do estresse oxidativo

CONTEXT: The western dietary pattern is characterized by a high calorie intake with a high proportion of simple sugars. This diet is associated with comorbidities such as hepatic fat deposition and is possibly related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the capacity of a hyperglucidic diet to induce steatosis in adult male Wistar rats. After the administration of a carbohydrate-rich diet, we also evaluated the presence of hepatic and cardiac steatosis and the levels of intrinsic antioxidants in the liver. METHODS: Forty-six eutrophic adult male Wistar rats were used and 10 of them were chosen, at random, to serve as controls, while the remaining ones formed the experimental group. Control animals received the standard ration offered by the animal house and the experimental group received the hyperglucidic diet. The diets were offered for 21 days and, at the end of this period, tissue samples were collected for analysis of indicators of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, and reduced glutathione) and of vitamin E. The animals were then sacrificed by decapitation and their viscera were removed for analysis of liver and heart fat. RESULTS: The hyperglucidic diet used induced hepatic fat deposition, with lipid vacuoles being detected in 83 percent of the livers analyzed by histology. No lipid vacuoles were observed in the heart. Malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels remained unchanged when the animals were submitted to the hyperglucidic diet, probably because there was no liver development of fibrosis or inflammation. In contrast, the levels of vitamin E (antioxidant) were reduced, as confirmed in the literature for steatotic animals. CONCLUSION: The hyperglucidic diet induced hepatic steatosis. In the heart there was an increase in fat content, although no histological changes were observed. These alterations cannot be explained by the presence of malondialdehyde or reduced glutathione (indicators of oxidation), since the values were similar in the groups studied. However, a significant reduction of vitamin E was observed in the experimental group.

CONTEXTO: O padrão alimentar ocidental é caracterizado pela ingestão de dieta rica em açúcares simples. Esta alimentação é associada com comorbidades como, por exemplo, deposição de gordura no fígado e possivelmente relacionada com a esteatose hepática não-alcoólica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade de uma alimentação hiperglicídica induzir esteatose em ratos Wistar adultos. Após administração de uma dieta rica em hidratos de carbono, foi avaliada a presença de esteatose hepática cardíaca e a presença de antioxidantes no fígado. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e seis ratos Wistar adultos eutróficos foram utilizados no experimento. Destes, 10 animais escolhidos por meio de sorteio simples (ao acaso) foram considerados controles e os demais pertencentes ao grupo experimental. Os animais controles receberam, durante todo experimento dieta usual do biotério. Os animais do grupo experimental, durante 21 dias, receberam dieta com 70 por cento de sacarose. Ao final os animais foram sacrificados por decapitação e suas vísceras (fígado e coração) analisada quanto ao teor de gordura. As amostras de tecido hepático foram também analisadas quanto ao teor de antioxidantes (malondialdehido e glutationa reduzida) e vitamina E. RESULTADOS: A dieta hiperglicídica induziu a deposição de gordura no fígado, sendo os vacúolos lipídicos detectados em 83 por cento das amostras no fígado (histologia). No coração foi detectado bioquimicamente aumento do percentual de gordura, sem a detecção de vacúolos lipídico por histologia. Os teores de malondialdehido e glutationa reduzida não foram diferentes entre os animais dos grupos controle e experimental. Por outro lado, os valores de vitamina E, no grupo experimental, foram significativamente inferiores ao do grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: A dieta hiperglicídica induziu ao esteatose hepática. No coração houve maior deposição de lípides, embora a histologia não tenha mostrado alterações. Esta deposição, tanto no coração como no fígado, não pode ser explicada pelos indicadores de oxidação utilizados. No entanto, foram observados baixos níveis de vitamina E, que pode estar associada a esta indução de esteatose, principalmente, hepática.